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DECISION MAKING AND UNANSWERED QUESTIONS (PART 4)

Greetings,

This the fourth and final part of decision making and unanswered question, so far I have technically touched and analysed three key questions asked when stepping into animation film production. I hope this will not only be beneficial to me, but to anyone who aspire to step into the business of storytelling through animation.

Now we know what kind of story we want to tell, we know what kind of movie we want to produce, we know what type of animation we want to work with, but all these can't happen without money, the production budget.

HOW DO I COME UP WITH PRODUCTION BUDGET?

The reality is that movies can take a lot of money to make if you want to produce something professional, and it isn’t always possible for just one person (Me) to do enough odd jobs to get a film made. Below are some examples of how many filmmakers approach fundraising for their movie ideas.

1. FAMILY, FRIENDS, AND THEIR NETWORKS

The very first place where a lot of filmmakers start looking for funding is their immediate circle of family and friends. You can ask them for a loan, donations or you can offer them special incentives to become an investor in the film. You can also ask them to just help spread the word about your project and the fact that you’re looking for investors to see if there is anyone else in their networks at school or work who may be interested in becoming partners with you.

2. CAST & CREW

One way to help reduce your expenses is by making arrangements with interested cast and crew members to give them something other than a paycheck in exchange for their time and expertise. Some cast and crew members may be willing to invest their time and skills in return for a credit, a longstanding relationship, a clip for their demo reel, etc.

3. EVENTS

Some filmmakers have hosted special events, wrap parties, raffles, and more to help raise money.

4. CONTESTS & COMPETITIONS

If you look around online, you may come across some contests that you can enter to win monetary prizes, such as screenwriting, short film or feature film competitions.

5. GRANTS & TAX INCENTIVES

There are private film making grants available as well as government-funded grants that you can apply for to help subsidize the cost of producing your film project.

6. INVESTORS

Individual investors are another popular source of funding for film projects. Networking with the right groups of people can lead you to wealthy individuals who are interested in exploring a variety of investment options – one of which could be your film.

7. CROWDFUNDING

There are websites like KickStarter.com and IndieGoGo where you can put your movie pitch up there and get funded for it. Check out previous projects that were successful and see what they did right.

8. CREDIT CARDS & BUSINESS LOANS

If you have excellent credit and a lot of faith in yourself to pay back a loan with interest, another option you can explore is to pay for your production via a business loan or credit cards. Of course, it may be a bit more difficult to convince a bank to loan you money for a film considering that they’re extremely risky investments, but it’s not impossible!

BOTTOMLINE

These are the first sources of funds that comes to mind when raising budget for a film project. Personally I will choose the first, family and friends will give you money apparently because they believe in you and your ideas. It could be in exchange for credit or incentives. Either way, the comfort of not having investors and banks breathing down your neck is not there. Another, sweet choice is the second, since this is animation, family and friends can help you with things like voice over, you will get a fairer deal working with them. As much as starring big stars in your movie gives you an edge, having a great story and a great team with no big star can also put you on the map. Thanks for reading.

Suremovat.

DECISION MAKING AND UNANSWERED QUESTIONS (PART 3)

Greetings,

Thank you for following up on this epic animation Nollywood themed project, so far we have answered two basic questions when entering the animation business. Moving on, let's identify and analyse the kinds of animation we have out there. This will be interesting.

WHAT KIND OF ANIMATION DO I WORK WITH?

This decision is a very key one, it will determine a lot of things like; your production style, time, team, gear and budget. There are a whole lot of animation types out there, but I am going to narrow it down to five types. I will also deduce the ideal animation for the direction I'm heading.

1. TRADITIONAL ANIMATION (2D, CEL, HAND DRAWN)

Traditional animation, sometimes referred to as cel animation, is one of the older forms of animation, in it the animator draws every frame to create the animation sequence. Just like they used to do in the old days of Disney. If you’ve ever had one of those flip-books when you were a kid, you’ll know what I mean. Sequential drawings screened quickly one after another create the illusion of movement.

In traditional animation, animators will draw images on a transparent piece of paper fitted on a peg using a colored pencil, one frame at the time. Animators will usually do test animations with very rough characters to see how many frames they would need to draw for the action to be properly perceived. Timing is extremely important in traditional animation, since the frames has to fit the soundtracks exactly, as such the animation process of traditional animation can be lengthy and costly. Once the clean-up and in-between are complete, the production would step over to photographing each individual frame.

The history of animation can be stretched as far back as 5.000BC, if you are lenient on the techniques of the art form, found on a pottery bowl in Iran that depicts a goat leaping.

The techniques of animation that we are more familiar with, however, first appeared in 1650 as The Magic Lantern, by the Venetian inventor Giovanni Fontana. Whether or not he truly is the inventor is still highly debated. A simple lantern with a strip of animation sliding past a crude lens, illuminated by a single candle, was the humankind’s first introduction to projection. Which was primarily used to scare people witless with images of devilish creatures running on the wall, and generally play on people’s superstitions.

Many more inventions came along, such as the Phenakistoscope and Zoetrope, but the first projection of animation on a screen came in 1877 with the Praxinoscope, invented by the French science teacher Charles-Émile Reynaud. He then later invented the Théâtre Optique in 1888, which he then used to stage the first public screening of animation at the Musée Grévin in Paris in 1892.

There he screened the animated short Pauvre Pierrot, which is notable for being the first time film perforations was used, and also for having the animation drawn directly on the frames instead of photographed.

The first film recorded on a filmstrip was made in 1900, which also included animated sequences where J. Stuart Blackton draws a man on a aisle holding a bottle of wine, and then the man grabs the bottle. Blackton then followed it up five years later with the Humoureous Phases of Funny Faces, which cemented J.Stuart Blackton as the forefather of American animation.

Stepping to France in 1908, we saw the worlds first fully animated film, made by the French artist Émile Cohl. The film was called Fantasmagorie, which contained stick figures encountering various inanimate objects that they interact with.

As the 1910’s rolled around, studio produced animations came into fruition with the newspaper cartoonist Winsor McCay, who directed several animated shorts. As such, during the 1910’s animations we’re then nicknamed ‘Cartoons’. They we’re mainly produced for cinemas to as pre-show attractions before the feature film. John Randolph Bray and  Earl Hurd was the most successful animation producers of the decade, and was responsible for patenting the cel animation process, which would come to dominate the animation industry for most of the century.

Nowadays, traditional animation is being done mostly on computers by using a tablet (such as the Wacom Cintiq.) It is usually animated on 12 frames per second, with occasional faster actions animated on 24 frames per second.

Softwares used for this type of animation include; Photoshop, TVPaint, ToonBoom, Anime Studio.

2. 2D ANIMATION (VECTOR BASED)

This style has become very popular in the last decade with the increasing amount of people doing it due to the accessibility of the technology. Flash is cheap and easy to use. Such are other vector based animation programs. 2D animation can be done in After Effects too.

2D animation is mostly referred to any key framed animation that is produced on a flat surface, but can also refer to vector animations that adopts the techniques of traditional animation.

Cel animation is often most thought of when talking about 2D animation, and the process is often lengthy and complicated. The technique is the same as in traditional animation, but when the animations and in-betweens are done, the frames are brought over to a process called ink-and-paint.

There the people in charge of inking and painting the frames, places a plastic sheet of celluloid on top of the transparent paper containing the animated characters, and then proceed to copy the frames on the celluloid. This way frames can overlay each other because of the complete transparency of celluloid, which makes it easier to place multiple characters and props on top of a background.

Vector based animations, meaning computer generated 2D animations, uses the exact same techniques as traditional animation, but the benefits is the lack of physical objects needed to make traditional 2D animations apart from a computer.

In the late 90’s, due to bandwidth restrictions, many artists started using Flash to distribute short (and very limited) animations on the web, which were usually very small in size.

That limitation gave Flash the mass appeal that made it such a huge success among independent artists and animators, which lasted to today.

Flash really skyrocketed in 2005 when it was purchased by Adobe. When YouTube started growing, it completely exploded, and today you can find thousands of Flash animations there.

The reason 2D was put in a separate category in a different category is that in addition to the option of animating frame by frame, an animator has the option of creating rigs for the characters and then moving the body parts individually instead of drawing the character over and over.

After Effects allows you to create complex rigs for animation, or use the puppet tool to drag and move body parts of a drawn character.

These flexibilities give beginners more options when approaching animation, especially if drawing isn’t their strong suit, unlike traditional animation, when drawing skills are mandatory.

Softwares used for this type of animation include; Adobe Flash, Adobe After Effect, Anime Studio.

3. 3D ANIMATION (CGI, COMPUTER ANIMATION)

3D animation works in a completely different way than traditional animation. They both require an understanding of the same principles of movement and composition, but the technical skill set is very different for each task. while in the past you had to be an amazing draftsman to be an animator, with computer animation that is not the case. 3D animation is more similar to playing with puppets rather than drawing.

3D animation, also referred to as CGI animation, is made by generating images using computer graphics that create a series of images that forms an animation. CGI means Computer Generated Images, so it can easily mean both static and dynamic images using computer graphics.

The animation techniques of 3D animation has a lot of similarities with stop-motion animation, as they both deal with animating and posing models, and still conforms to the frame-by-frame approach of 2D animation, but is a lot more controllable since it is all digital feedback.

Instead of drawn or constructed with clay, characters in 3D animations are digitally modeled on screen, and then fitted with a ‘skeleton’ that allows animators to animate the models for their use.

Animation is done by posing the models in certain key frames, which the computer will then calculate and perform a ‘tweening’ animation that is interpreted by the computer in each frame between the key frames.

When the modeling and/or animation is complete, the computer has to render each frame individually, which unlike 2D or stop-motion animations, can be very time consuming depending on the quality of the images and the quantity of polygons in the scene.

a 3D animator will spend most of their time looking at curves that represent the movement of different body parts over time.

Another big difference with 3D animation is that unlike traditional animation, the character’s body parts are always present and should be taken to consideration.

When animating in 2D, the character has to be drawn from every frame. When the character is viewed from the side, half of its body isn’t shown and thus isn’t drawn. It technically doesn’t exist. It’s drawn on a flat page and there isn’t really more of the character other than what the animator draws.

With 3D though, the character’s body parts always exist in the shot. Even when one hand isn’t visible, it’s still there. That adds some work for the animator, since we need to be aware of the entire character at all times.

The last major difference with 3D animation is the frame rate. Traditional animators usually work on 2’s which means they draw a new drawing every 2 frames, and thus having one drawing last for 2 frames. With 3D animation, however, the motion is always smooth (except for stylized pieces which intentionally try to look different) and having a character stop completely looks like a mistake.

Even when the character is standing still there should always be some sign of life or gentle movement to keep the illusion of life, this is something 2D animation can get away with much more easily than 3D animation.

3D animation has definitely revolutionized how the animation industry looks today, and it was all started with Toy Story (1995, Lassetter.) Computer generated animations wasn’t completely new at the time, since it had already been often used in TV shows, movies and computer games, but Toy Story set the bar by being the first feature-length computer animation, leading to a whole new industry and market.    

3D animation also lead to studios trying to achieve photo-realistic animations by combining high-level computer processing with advance motion-capture. This has led to films such as Final Fantasy: Spirits Within (2001, Sakaguchi) and The Polar Express (2004, Zemeckis), with very mixed results. This kind of animation became rarer as the decade passed, as the process is a lot more complicated than key framed 3D animations, but has passed on to feature film VFX.

Sofwares used for this type of animation include; Autodesk Maya, Autodesk Softimage, Autodesk 3DS Max, Cinema 4D. Blender, 

4. MOTION GRAPHICS (TYPOGRAPHY, ANIMATED LOGO)

While still considered a form of animation, motion graphics is a rather different from the other types of animation. Mostly because unlike the other types on our list it is not character or story driven. It’s the art of creatively moving graphic elements or texts, usually for commercial or promotional purposes.

It’s the art of creatively moving graphic elements or texts, usually for commercial or promotional purposes. Think animated logos, explainer videos, app commercials, television promos or even film opening titles.

The skills for motion graphics don’t necessarily translate to the other types of animation, since they don’t require knowledge of body mechanics or acting, but they do have some attributes in common such as understanding good composition and the all important camera motion.

The process of creating Motion Graphics depends on the programs that are used, since video editing softwares often have different UI or settings, but the process is the same. Motion Graphics usually involves animating images, texts or video clips using key framing that are tweened to make a smooth motion between frames. These programs also supports scripts that will automatically alter the animations to various preferences that are required. Motion graphics also often uses particle systems to create various effects. It is basically points in 3D and 2D space that is shown as texts, images or visual effects. The particle effects are made with emitters that digitally produces lights, surfaces, or a disassembling animation.

Motion Graphics are simply flat-based images or 3D objects that are given the illusion of motion, accompanied with music or sound effects. This technique is often used for multimedia projects.

The term Motion Graphics came about computer based video editing, as programs like Adobe After Effects and Apple Motion made editing images definitely a lot more easier, since previously, before the advent of computer editing, it was a very time-consuming process, which made it limited for high-budget productions, but in present time it is highly popular for commercials, news shows and internet videos

Softwares used for this type of animation include; Adobe After Effect, Cinema 4D

5. STOP MOTION (CLAYMATION, CUT-OUTS)

Stop motion is done by taking a photo of an object, and then moving it just a little bit and taking another photo. The process is repeated and when the photos are played back one after another they give the illusion of movement. This is similar to traditional animation but it uses real life materials instead of drawings.

Stop-Motion animation can be referred to any animations that uses objects that are photographed in a sequence to create a animated action.

The process of Stop-Motion animation is very long, as each object has to be carefully moved inch by inch, while photographing every change, to create a fluid sequence of animation.

Claymation

One of the most popular form is Claymation. Working with clay or play-doh characters that can easily be manipulated for animation. Advanced claymation (such as The Neverhood or Armikrog) uses metal skeletons on which the clay is then molded for more sturdy rigs.

Puppets

Some animators would use regular Puppets instead of clay one, usually also built upon some sort of skeleton rig. The faces of the characters can be replaced based on the expression, or be controlled within the rig.

Cut-Out

Another popular form of stop motion is Cut out. Using construction paper or cardboard characters and placing them on a paper while shooting the animation from above (That’s how South Park was made before they switched to computers.) The cardboard is then moved a little each frame to create the illusion of movement.

Silhouette

Similar to cutout animation, silhouette animation uses cardboard or some kind of flat material, but the objects are all black and the shot is depicted with silhouettes only. This is one of the oldest forms of stop motion and is rarely used today.

Action Figures / Lego

Some use action figures or lego characters for animation. This genre is very popular on YouTube with many channels dedicated to creating funny skits with lego characters. Robot Chicken is a great example of that. They use famous action figures to make fun of pop culture.

Pixelation

Pixelation is a form of stop motion that uses real people and real environments to create unreal videos. It uses the stop motion method of taking a still photo, moving things around, and then taking another photo, but the subject matter is usually real people instead of puppets.

Stop-Motion animation was very often used as special effects before the introduction of CGI animation, and as such has a very long history in both the animation and film industry, starting from The Humpty Dumpty Circus (1887, Blackton.) One of the most earliest of clay animations was Modelling Extraordinary (1912), and Stop-Motion animation also created the first female animator, Helena Smith Dayton, who made a clay animated short based Romeo and Juliet in 1917.

Another technique, which came about in the 80’s, was Go Motion. This technique involved programming a computer to move the models for the animators before each frame was photographed. It was used when creating visual effects for RoboCop (1987, Verhoven) and The Empire Strikes Back (1980, Kershner.) It was a lot more complicated than doing it by hand, but the result was a more realistic looking animation.

The Stop-Motion art form also created animators that would set the standards, like visual effects master Ray Harryhausen who created animations for Jason and the Argonauts (1963, Chaffey) and Clash of the Titans (1981, Davis), and Nick Park who created the Wallace and Gromit franchice. However, Stop-Motion wasn’t always made for shorts and visual effects. There have been many feature-length Stop-Motion animated films, most notably The Night Before Christmas (1993, Selick) and  Wallace and Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005, Park.)

Softwares used for this type of animation include; Dragonframe, iStopMotion.

BOTTOMLINE

We have seen it all, it is decision time. Considering mass appeal, practicality and production economics. Traditional animation, 2D animation and 3D animation takes the lead. Since the integration of computers in animation Traditional animation now involves character rigging, so it is technically the same thing with 2D animation. Leaving us with two options.

2D animation involves drawing of characters on a flat surface, which means you need to be a good draftsman to be able to master this type of animation. The present use of computers makes work faster, with the use of rigs, this means you do not have to re-draw the character over again on a new frame. There are talented artist everywhere in Nigeria, pick your soft wares and get them familiar with it and you've had your animation team. Putting together powerful computer systems, buying software license and paying artists will not blow your budget and you are good to go. 2D animation have massive appeal, most of the shows on Cartoon network are 2D, Marvel and DC Comics also work with 2D.

3D animation, 3D animation, this is serious animation. There a lot that is needed for this type. 3D animation is nothing like 2D animation, animation is done in a 3 - Dimension environment, where in 2D the X and Y axis is considered, in 3D the X, Y and Z axis is considered. In 3D animation you don't necessarily need to be a draftsman, because you just move the models as a puppet. Modelling is a long and tedious process, this is what really eats time in 3D animation, you have to sculpture everything from set to characters and the computers used are serious computers compared to 2D animation. Mastering 3D animation is not a walk in the park and employing professionals will definitely blow your budget. 3D animation also have massive appeal.

Personally as a newbie in the industry I will settle for 2D, the budget is leaner compared to 3D, I have a lot of artists around me who are computer friendly, throw anything at them and they grab it. 

So the decision is made. I want to use this opportunity to appreciate Morr Meroz, founder of Bloop Animation for his guide and support. Thanks for reading.

Suremovet.

DECISION MAKING AND UNANSWERED QUESTIONS (PART 2)

Greetings,

We are still on the part where decisions have to be made to determine the direction we are heading to, previously we answered "what kind of story do I want to tell?". We will continue from the second question.

WHAT KIND OF MOVIE DO I WANT TO PRODUCE, IS IT FEATURE LENGTH OR SERIES?

When coming up with a movie idea, you will be faced with two major options, will it be feature length of between 90 minutes to 150 minutes viewing duration or series with no less than 10 episodes each between 30 minutes to 60 minutes viewing duration. A feature length animated movie is relatively easier to make, if you want to produce for instance a 90 minute movie, it means you have a shorter time to work, the scripts, storyboards and animatics are shorter, the animation process is shorter, the production time is shorter, this is ideal for telling shorter stories or on a lean budget, the income here comes in big and fast, thereafter the rest is passive income from sources like rentals and franchising. With series, everything is longer, this where to look if you want to tell lengthy stories, plus it captures an audience better, with the right application of suspense, viewers will hunger to find out what happens in the next episode, series can have up to 2, 3, 4, 5 to 20 seasons depending on audience response, linking up with a studio with a powerful viewer base could fetch you serious money for a very long period of time. It's much work but worth doing if you have a super story. 

Take a look at this two animated works; Toy story and South park. Both of them made it into the our television screens around the same time, Toy story (1995), South park (1997). Toy story which is feature length was the bread and butter of animation during it's hay days but has gradually faded out of the picture. South park is still trending even as I write this post with very impressive ratings.That's the power of series over feature length. It is where to look for epic storytelling that stays with us for a long time and across generations. Probably my kids will come to meet South park. As for Toy story, that depends on if Pixar will come out with something after part 4.

Next I will decide what kind of animation to work with. Thanks for reading.

Suremovat.

DECISION MAKING AND UNANSWERED QUESTIONS

Greetings,

So I want to go into animation, but there are still a lot of decisions and unanswered questions. There are questions like;

• What kind of story do I want to tell?
• What kind of movies do I want to produce, is it feature length or series?
• What kind of animation do I work with?
• How I'm I going to come up with production budget?

These are basically the first questions that pops in anybody's head. If they are not answered properly or looked into critically, you will have no sense of direction or another scenario is making head way in the beginning only to crash and burn somewhere in the middle. The animation business is a complex one, it takes discipline and a very organized work plan to pull off anything at all.

WHAT KIND OF STORY DO I WANT TO TELL?

It is all about storytelling, you might have quality picture and quality sound, but nobody will want to sit and watch something he will regret wasting his time watching at the end. Your story line must keep your audience wanting more. That is the first commandment in entertainment (I made that up), the point is, coming up with not just a believable story, but a story that will inspire, ignite a dare to achieve mentality, a story that will go down in history, not just because of how many awards it bags , but how much it shaped the lives and the way people saw movie in this part of the world. 

In my search for answers, I discovered the Nollywood audience like to laugh, I pick up an average Nigerian mobile device and go through the gallery and you will find comedy short videos or funny photos with funny write ups. Comedy is chief when it comes to entertainment in Nigeria. But from what I've mentioned above comedy apparently doesn't give such results. You have a good laugh and when's it's over, apart from lighting your heart, there's no other impact in your life, nothing to hold unto that will get you thinking and imagining. This is partly why our youths are not thinking outside the box. If we don't think outside the box, we will never invent the iPhone and iMac, we will never invent space ships to send men outside the planet, we will never figure out alternative sources of energy to run our vehicles and power stations, there are more to discover and Nigeria with so much potentials is finding it hard to catch up, there is no proper inspiration, everybody wants to laugh. If Buhari messes up, it becomes comedy. If a celebrity's shady past catches up to her, it becomes comedy. Even if Donald Trump wins the election in the US (not majorly our business), it becomes comedy. The trend keeps going on year after year and this has become mainstream entertainment.

Don't get me wrong, I am not trying to paint a bad picture of comedy, but apart from making jokes, there's a lot more we can do for entertainment. This is where I come in. Thinking outside the box, but not drifting from reality is just right for making super stories. From my educational background you will know I am a science and technology person, so science fiction is definitely where to look. A science fiction Nollywood movie, thinking of it makes my imagination tingle.

First question answered, three to go. Get answers in subsequent posts. Thanks for reading.

Suremovat.

ANIMATION AND NOLLYWOOD

Greetings,

Animation is a wonderful entertainment tool, it has become a domineering force in media and cinema since its inception. Animation accounts for billions of dollars in revenue worldwide, it is that immense. Moreover animation is the strongest tool for storytelling, anything imaginable can be brought to life through animation. A lot of countries have exploited the power of storytelling through animation, but The Nigerian Movie Industry (Nollywood) are yet to make head way in the sector. By the end of 2013, the film industry reportedly hit a record breaking revenue of ₦1.72 trillion (US$11 billion). As of 2014, the industry was worth ₦853.9 billion (US$5.1 billion) making it the third most valuable film industry in the world, behind the United States and India. It contributed about 1.4% to Nigeria's economy; this was attributed to the increase in the number of quality films produced and more formal distribution methods. But the same massive industry has done little when it comes to animation.

After making the above observations, I immediately began researching what it takes to set up an animation studio and to my surprise, it doesn't take that much compared to the massive budgets used to produce the filmed movies.

Let's say you have a small budget and you want to go into commercial animation. Firstly setting up an animation studio doesn't have to cost much, an animation studio can be done in a room, yes, in a room. You don't need a lot of space because all those complex camera and lighting rigs are not needed. Secondly, most of the work is done on computers, from sets to props and special effects. Today, putting together powerful computer systems is not as expensive. And with a handful of animators/artists you are good to go. Thirdly, voicing or voice over of characters can be easily done with friends or relatives with little or no money, thanks to modern audio production, auto tuning enables you to use one person to voice over many characters. Fourthly, with so many  movie distributors around, putting your movie in the market shouldn't be a hassle if you can meet their quality and standards.

I was over convinced to dive into this goldmine. Not just producing a Nigerian themed animation movie but setting an industry standard for others to follow.

In subsequent articles we'll unravel how to bring this vision to life. Thank you for reading.

Suremovat.

INTRODUCTION

Greetings.

You are reading this article, because you care about me and whatever I'm working on. A quick introduction, as you may already know, my name is Suremovat Emmanuel Ana (Archangel). I am from Ikotana, Biase LGA, Cross River State, Nigeria. I am currently based in Calabar. I am studying Electrical/electronic Engineering (B.Eng) at Cross River University of Technology. I aspire to be an Entrepreneur, I hope to become the biggest in West Africa in the nearest future by the Grace of God. I have passion for creating innovative means and opportunities for a better world. A lot of people have been curious to know what I'm working on, those who believe in what I can do want to be a part of it. That is why I created this blog. So everyone can find out what is going on and no has to be left out. Through this platform everyone can follow me up close, as I create new projects, execute every phase of the project and be a part of of it. Thank you for dropping by. Stay tuned for upcoming articles.

Suremovat.